Nicholas Mosse
The Oxford Martyrs
ARCHBISHOP THOMAS CRANMER (1489 – 1556)
Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1556. He was a leader of the English Reformation and was responsible for establishing much of the basic form of the Church of England, especially the Book of Common Prayer. Thomas Cranmer was born into a family of minor gentry of limited financial resources in Aslockton, Nottinghamshire. Thus Thomas and his younger brother were both destined for the Church. He probably received his early education at the local grammar school, and later gained a fellowship at Jesus College, Cambridge. He lost this when he married.
However, on the death of his wife, he was re-accepted by the College. He took Holy Orders in 1523. An outbreak of the plague led Cranmer to leave Cambridge and take refuge in Essex. There he came to the attention of King Henry VIII. Cranmer's suggested plan for the annulment of the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was approved. He was appointed to prepare a case for presentation before the English universities and was also a member of the embassy to Rome. In 1532 he became ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor. Cranmer was also sent to Germany to enquire into Lutheranism. It was there that he met and married Margaret Osiander, the niece of a leading Lutheran reformer. After his surprise appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury he was forced to hide his marriage. Given the Pope's approval of his appointment Cranmer was able to declare the king's marriage to Catherine to be void. Some four months later he performed the marriage ceremony of the king and Anne Boleyn. With Thomas Cromwell, Cranmer supported the idea of the Royal Supremacy in which the king was considered sovereign over his realm, including the Church. Also with Cromwell he supported the translation of the Bible into English.
In 1545 he drafted the Litany which, basically, is still in use. In the battle between conservatives and reformers, it was not until the short reign of Edward VI that he was able to make any substantial doctrinal changes. After the death of Edward VI Cranmer backed the King's choice of successor in the person of Lady Jane Grey. However, her reign lasted only nine days before the Roman Catholic Mary I came to power. Cranmer was arrested and charged with treason. During the course of a long trial and imprisonment he was forced into several recantations, and finally a public proclamation of his error in supporting the Protestant Reformation. Despite this, Mary moved quickly to have him sentenced to death by burning in Oxford in March 1556. As he died he placed his right hand with which he had signed the recantations into the heart of the fire, and said: Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. I see the heavens open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.
HUGH LATIMER AND NICHOLAS RIDLEY (BISHOPS)
Latimer and Ridley, along with Thomas Cranmer were martyred by Queen Mary. Latimer and Ridley were burned together on 16 October, 1555. The three, who became known as the 'Oxford Three', were probably the most well-known of the 300 people who were burned to death for their faith by the Roman Catholic Queen Mary. Of Hugh Latimer's early life not much is known. His year of birth is usually given as 1485. His father was a prosperous Leicestershire farmer.
Hugh was sent to Cambridge where he received his Bachelor's degree around 1510 and his Masters in 1514. From there he went on to study divinity. As a young man he was strongly opposed to Protestant ideas and led disputations in Protestant meeting houses. However, through the influence of Thomas Bilney, Latimer became, almost overnight, a popular Protestant preacher. His sermons were not doctrinal but sought more to encourage godliness through upright living and fervent prayer. Through the influence of Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cranmer, Latimer became Bishop of Rochester in 1535. However, he found himself forced to resign in 1539, finding that he could not subscribe to the 'Six Articles' which were too Romish for him. He was later imprisoned, but was released on the accession of King Edward VI in 1547. Latimer continued to preach. In 1553 he was imprisoned.
Nicholas Ridley was probably born in 1500. He was the second son of Christopher Ridley, the Lord of Ridley, in Northumberland. Christopher Ridley was close to King Henry VIII, in fact was apparently one of his very few real friends. Nicholas was educated initially at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle and later went on to Cambridge where he obtained his Master's degree in 1525. In 1534, while a Proctor at Cambridge, he supported opposition to Papal supremacy in England. In 1537 he was made Chaplain to Thomas Cranmer. In 1540 he became Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and in 1541 a Canon of Canterbury and Chaplain to Henry VIII. He became Bishop of Rochester in 1547, and was a member of the group which drew up the first Book of Common Prayer.
In 1530 he succeeded Bonner, as Bishop of London. In 1553 he was imprisoned by Queen Mary. At their deaths, as the first burning faggots were laid, Latimer spoke his famous words: Be of good comfort Master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day light such a candle by God's grace in England, as I trust shall never be put out.
Rev'd Canon Denis Moss ed. by Dr Simon Harding
www.biblon.com
www.anglicanbudapest.com
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